Innate immunity is an evolutionary conservative defense system that generates prompt immune responses to protect the host from tumorigeneses and pathogenic infections, which depends on the recognition of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or exogenous conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in many microorganisms by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including four main families: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis, and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). Innate immunity is characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators and/or type I interferons (IFN-I) and thousands of IFN-induced genes (ISGs). ADP-ribosylation is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases (ARTs) through transferring ADP-ribose groups from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to their target proteins. PARPs are the best-understood ARTs, and to date, 17 members of PARPs in humans have been identified. Based on the characteristics of their structural and functional domains, PARPs are broadly categorized as four subfamilies: DNA-dependent PARPs (including PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3), Tankyrases PARPs (including PARP5a and PARP5b), Macrodomain-containing PARPs (including PARP9, PARP14, and PARP15), and CCCH (Cys-Cys-Cys-His) zinc finger-containing PARPs (including PARP7, PARP12, and PARP13). Most PARP genes’ rapid evolution is closely correlated with the pathogen defense proteins, suggesting a close connection between the antiviral responses and PARPs activities. Here you can see an artistic representation of the catalytic domain of human PARP15 enzyme, which structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (PDB code: 7F41)
#molecularart ... #immolecular ... #innate ... #immunity ... #ADP ... #PARP ... #xray
Structure of PARP15 catalytic domain rendered with @proteinimaging and depicted with @corelphotopaint
#molecularart ... #immolecular ... #innate ... #immunity ... #ADP ... #PARP ... #xray
Structure of PARP15 catalytic domain rendered with @proteinimaging and depicted with @corelphotopaint
